Technical data
Sample components and measurement ranges
Sample component
O2
Min./max. measurement range
0–1/100 vol.%
Max. abs. pressure
2 bar (29 psi)
2 to 20 bar (29 to 290 psi) on request
Max. temperature
1500 °C (2732 °F)
Measurement range quantity
1 physical measurement range per sample component,
1 x transmission
Optical path lengths (OPL)
Standard optical path lengths
0.5 to 20 m. Other optical path lengths on request.
Introduction
Application and design
The LS4000 is an in situ cross-duct analyzer for measuring
gas component concentrations. It applies the highly selective
optical measuring principle of tunable diode laser (TDL) ab
sorption spectroscopy. The LS4000 is a stand-alone system
and is approved for use in hazardous areas according to
international standards.
The analyzer consists of a transmitter unit with a laser light
source and a receiver unit with a photodetector. Both units are
mounted opposite each other on the process pipe or stack
and are connected by a junction box.
Measurement principle – TDLAS
The LS4000 employs the optical measuring technique of
absorption spectroscopy, which utilizes the fact that a specific
gas absorbs specific light wavelengths.
The light beam is emitted from a tunable laser diode located in
the transmitter unit. The laser light passes through the process
gas and strikes the photodetector in the receiver unit. The
measured gas component present in the optical path absorbs
the laser light, attenuating the light received.
A sophisticated signal algorithm processes the amount of light
attenuation and calculates the gas concentration on the basis
of the Beer-Lambert law. The influence of temperature and
pressure variations is eliminated by dynamic automatic correction.
Measurement made easy
Highest precision under harshest conditions
High precision
– Lowest detection limits, highly accurate measurements
– Highly selective, virtually cross interference free
Suitable for harsh process conditions
– In-situ, direct measurement of hazardous gas streams
– For high pressure, high temperature applications
Fast and direct
– In-situ, no sample transport or conditioning
– Fast response
Safe, compact and easy
– Flameproof housing (Ex-d), no purging
– No nitrogen purging for oxygen measurement
– Compact and lightweight, insensitive to vibrations
– Ease of maintenance
How it works – measuring principle
The LS4000 employs the optical measuring technique of absorption spectroscopy, which utilizes the fact that a
specific gas absorbs specific light wavelengths.
The light beam is emitted from a tunable laser diode located in the transmitter unit.
The laser light passes through the process gas and strikes the photodetector in the receiver unit.
The measured gas component present in the optical path absorbs the laser light, attenuating the light received.
A sophisticated signal algorithm processes the amount of light attenuation and calculates the gas concentration
on the basis of the Beer-Lambert law.
The influence of temperature and pressure variations is eliminated by dynamic automatic correction.
Sample components and measurement ranges
The LS4000 laser analyzer has one physical measurement range per sample component.
O2 from 0…1 to 0…100 Vol%
Typical applications
− Process and safety monitoring
− Combustion control
− Control of flue gas abatement equipment (e.g. ammonia slip measurements)
− Emission monitoring
Typical industries served
− Chemical and petrochemical industry
− Power industry
− Iron and steel industry
International certifications
− ATEX Zone 1
− IECEx Zone 1
− CSA Class I, Division 1
The LS4000 is an in situ cross-duct analyzer for measuring gas component concentrations.
It applies the highly selective, optical measuring principle of tunable diode laser (TDL)
absorption spectroscopy.
The LS4000 is a stand-alone system and is approved for use in hazardous areas according
to international standards. The device consists of a transmitter unit with a laser light source and a receiver
unit with a photodetector. The two units are mounted opposite each other on the process pipe or stack
and are connected by a junction box.
Fast and direct
A sampling and conditioning system is unnecessary since the instrument is directly installed on the
process (in situ).
This results in a typical response time of 2 seconds, providing better loop control and faster detection of
critical conditions.
The in situ laser analyzer is ideally suited for process optimization and safety measurements.
Safe, compact and easy
− No purging for installations in hazardous areas – the analyzer includes flameproof housing (Ex-d) with
international certifications
− No nitrogen purging of the analyzer housing for O2 measurement
− Insensitive to vibrations through compact and lightweight design
− Ease of maintenance
KB2 Fibre-Optic Sheet Break Detector is designed to handle all kind of break detection.
With RGB-colour based detection it can detect different colours and then separate
wire/felt reflection easily from the paper.
Electronics located outside harsh environment
KB2 is very reliable even in a 100% humidity environment. While
the sensor head is exposed to high temperatures, the electronics
unit is mounted outside the machine hood using a fibre optic
cable. Fibre optics is available in lengths of 6, 9 and 12 meters.
The fibre optic cable is located inside the straight stainless
steel sensor head, which is 1.5 m long. Between the sensor
head and the display unit the fibre optic cable is located inside
the stainless steel flexible conduit. Purge air is lead trough the
conduit to keep the sensor head window open.
Easy to set up
KB2 unit’s large display and logical user interface allows easy
setup of the break detection by selecting the measurements
which give the highest signal difference. Break signal and
maintenance alarm are wired to the PLC or DCS. The 4–20 mA
current outputs for the signal levels are also available as an option.
Benefits
•• Non-contact optical sensor
•• Reliable in harsh environments
•• Air purge system
•• Not affected by dirt, steam or high temperatures
•• Fast break detection
•• Handles all paper and board grades and applications regardless of colours
•• Detects breaks even against a cylinder
•• Easy to setup
•• Large graphical display and logical user interface
•• Proven with hundreds of installations worldwide
KB2 Fibre-Optic Sheet Break Detection system is designed to
monitor sheet breaks in harsh environments. The non-contact
sensor is placed above or under the web to be monitored.
The system is proven with hundreds of installations around the
world, and set as a mill standard for many customers.
Thanks to the air purged system in the sensor head, keeping the
optics free from dirt, steam or high temperatures, KB2 is suitable
for installations in harsh environments or where the space is
limited. In addition to open-draw applications the breaks can be
detected against felt, wire, or even against a cylinder.
RGB Colour and IR measurement
KB2 has both, RGB or Infrared light sources to perform superiorly
with all paper and board grades and applications regardless
of colour. The RGB colour measurement can handle all
sheet, wire and felt colours providing reliable break detection.
KPM Products | Paper Machine Measurements
The KB2 system is proven with hundreds of installations around the world, and set as a mill standard for
many customers.
KB2 Fibre-Optic Sheet Break Detector is the new generation sheet break
detector that with the latest RGB technology enables more light with
effective power LED. This allows longer detection distance and operation in high
ambient light condition. KB2 is the perfect choice for installations in unclean, steamy
and high temperature environments, or where the space is limited.
Fast break detection
KB2’s digital signal processing technology measures all signals
a thousand times per second. KB2 is immune to ambient light
changes by measuring the backlight intensity. The break detection
delay is very short, a minimum of 15 ms – with digital
filtration the user can select how many measurement cycles
should be used for break detection.
The AO845/AO845A Analog Output Module for single or redundant
applications has 8 unipolar analog output channels. The module
performs self-diagnostic cyclically. Module diagnostics include:
External Channel Error is reported (only reported on active
channels) if the process power supply that supply voltage to
output circuitry is too low, or the output current is less than the
output set value and the output set value > 1 mA (open circuit).
Internal Channel Error is reported if the output circuit can not
give the right current value. In a redundant pair the module will be
commanded to error state by the ModuleBus master.
Module Error is reported in case of Output Transistor Error, Short
Circuit, Checksum Error, Internal Power Supply Error, Status Link
Error, Watchdog or Wrong OSP behavior.
Features and benefits
• 8 channels of 4…20 mA
• For single or redundant applications
• 1 group of 8 channels isolated from ground
• Analog inputs are short circuit secured to ZP or +24 V
• HART pass-through communication