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Basler Electric BE1-46N Principles of Symmetrical Components

Principles of Symmetrical Components

Principles of symmetrical components allow an unbalanced system to be

considered as three separate, balanced subsystems. These balanced

subsystems may then be analyzed as single phase quantities.

These quantities are the positive, negative, and zero sequence components

of current and voltage.

The positive sequence component of current (I1) represents the portion of

the total current which has normal phase rotation and produces no adverse

effect on the system. An ideally balanced system contains only positive

sequence phase currents and voltages.

The zero sequence component of current (I0) also has no adverse effect

on a three-phase, three-wire (no neutral connection) power system because

it produces no appreciable magnetic flux and causes no excessive heating

in the generator rotor or windings.

The negative sequence component of current (I2) produces a magnetic flux

in the stator that has the same rotational speed as the rotor flux, but in the

opposite direction. This causes the stator magnetic flux to rotate at twice

the system frequency and induce eddy currents into the rotor. These eddy

currents create excessive heat in the rotor iron and windings, and, if allowed

to persist, could result in severe damage to the system.

Basler Electric BE1-46N Negative Sequence Overcurrent Relay

Description

BE1-46N Negative Sequence Overcurrent Relays are three-phase solid

state relays designed to provide protection for generators and motors

from unbalanced loading or power system faults. These relays protect

the machinery from damage when the protective scheme or other

equipment, external to the generator, fails to eliminate the unbalanced

condition.

BE1-46N Negative Sequence Overcurrent Relays accurately monitor the

magnitude and control the duration of the negative sequence current

component. These relays incorporate a time delay that replicates the

machinery heating and cooling characteristics.

An alarm element in the relays may be used to provide time to locate

and isolate the fault. Doing this avoids damage to the machinery, prevents

an undesired trip, and precludes a potentially prolonged outage of the

machinery.

BE1-46N relays are designed for use with any poly-phase generating

system having known (I2)2t limits between 1 and 99. Relays that operate

using phase currents to determine the negative sequence component are

phase rotation sensitive. BE1-46N relays are phase rotation sensitive.

IIS MSC-850/32 SYSTEM UNIT consists of the ENC-850 Unit Enclosure

Product Overview

An MSC-850/32 System Unit consists of

the ENC-850 Unit Enclosure and the MAC-850/32

Main Processor utilizing 32-bit technology (Figure

1-1). The MSC-850/32 System Unit is the heart

of the Motion Control System. The System Unit

houses the electronics that perform the central

processing control functions and I/O functions of

the Motion Control System.

DESCRIPTION

The ENC-850 Unit Enclosure

The ENC-850 Unit Enclosure (Figure 2-1)

consists of a forced-air ventilated metal cabinet

and a motherboard to support the functional

boards of the Motion Control System.

The Unit Enclosure comprises a Command

Bus (C-BUS), 8 controller slots, connections for

up to 8 On-board I/O Modules, a Resolver

Reference Generator, 2 Angle Buses, an I/O Bus,

and 2 Power supplies.

SAACKE CCS-HT Industry overview

Industry overview

• Energy and heat supply

• Chemicals

• Refineries

• Food industry

• Waste recycling

• Steel and metal processing

• Building materials industry

• Wood processing

Benefits

• Suitable for all standard and numerous special fuels.

• Wide range of hot gas temperatures can be mapped.

• Large control range with low emission values.

• Homogeneous temperature profile at the hot gas outlet.

• Low radiation losses.

• Complete combustion of the fuel.

• Variable mixed gas/mixed air volume.

• Low maintenance intervals and robust design.

• Suitable as a thermal afterburner, for flue gas reheating, and as a classic

combustion chamber for many applications.

IIS MSC-250 servo controller can simultaneously and independently regulate two motion axes

SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

The MSC-250 servo controller can simultaneously and independently regulate two motion

axes. Programming of the motion control is supplied by a separate computer program or

by a pre-programmed PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory). Once loaded, the

program is stored in non-volatile memory in the controller.

The controller uses two processors. One processor is labeled “Main Microprocessor” and

the other is labeled “Axis Microprocessor” (refer to “Section 1.3 – Components”). These

two processors communicate through two kilobytes of dual-port RAM (Random Access

Memory) for maximum processing and communication speed. (Dual-port RAM is memory

which is mapped in the same location on each processor and is simultaneously accessible

by both processors.) The main microprocessor processes information from the operating

program, communication ports, and I/O (Input/Output) modules. The axis microprocessor

processes information from the feedback devices and sends commands to the drives.

The MSC-250 can control one or two motion axes, providing precision position-loop control

to each axis. The controller can provide indexing, positioning, cam following, and profiling

control. It can also be used as a passive position sensing device. A third axis (referred to

as a half axis) can only monitor information received from a master axis or controller or

from the pseudo axis. It does not provide any control functions.

IIS The components of the basic indexing drive system

The components of the basic indexing drive system form two information loops. The

position loop is a closed-loop which consists of the controller, drive, motor, and feedback

device. The controller, continually compares motor position, derived from the feedback

pulses received from the drive, with the desired position calculated within the controller.

Any difference between calculated position and actual position results in a corrective

command signal being sent to the drive. The drive then corrects motor position by

adjusting its velocity loop. The objective of the position loop is to keep the actual position

equal to the commanded position.

The velocity loop is also a closed-loop system. The drive continually compares motor

velocity, derived from the feedback device, with the magnitude of the command signal

generated by the controller. Any difference causes the drive to alter the current to the

motor, which in turn changes the motor velocity. The objective of the velocity loop is to

keep actual velocity equal to commanded velocity.

The position loop and velocity loop are independent loops, but the controller uses the

velocity loop to achieve movement to the desired position. When data is received by the

controller specifying a movement, the controller calculates the time required to accelerate

to maximum speed and to decelerate from maximum speed. It then calculates the time at

maximum speed necessary to complete the movement. This information is then

transmitted to the drive by the controller.

INDUSTRIAL INDEXING SYSTEMS IIS MSC-250 2½-AXIS SERVO CONTROLLER

The Industrial Indexing Systems Motion Control System MSC-250 is a microprocessor

based, position-loop controller. It is a dual 32-bit technology, 2½-axis, closed-loop

controller that works with separate servo drives, motors, and encoder feedback devices to

accurately fix the position of the motor shafts.

The MSC-250 controller is part of the MSC family of controllers and peripheral equipment

produced by Industrial Indexing Systems. It uses the same Macroprogram control

language already familiar to users of the MSC-850 family of controllers and is fully

compatible with this family of controllers.

This manual describes proper installation, operation, and troubleshooting procedures for

the MSC-250 controller. The manual assumes no prior knowledge of Industrial Indexing

System equipment. It does assume knowledge of proper mechanical, electrical, and

electronic maintenance and safety procedures. If the equipment is used in a manner not

specified in this manual, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.

Information in this manual is subject to change without prior notification.

The objective of the indexing system is to accurately control the position and speed of

rotation of a motor shaft at any given time. This control may be used to move the load a

specific distance (index) or to a specific location (position). It also may be used to move

the load in a pattern duplicating the motion that would be produced by the action of

mechanical cam, remembering that motion can occur in both clockwise and

counterclockwise directions.

SAACKE FUEL TRAINS For industrial applications

FUEL TRAINS. For industrial applications

SAACKE gas and oil valve lines are individually adapted to each plan

and form the basis for trouble-free and consistent combustion.

They are based on proven standard components and are available

for almost any fuel and any throughput.

Your advantages at a glance:

• Control of fuel pressure and flow rate tailored to the burner and

control system.

• Oil valve stations for light oil, heavy oil, and biogenic fuels.

• Gas valve lines for all standard gases, alternative fuels, and many

special gases.

• Competent advice and experienced engineering for all components.

• Even slight fluctuations in fuel pressure and fuel quality can have a

significant negative impact on safe and low-emission combustion.

SAACKE fuel lines are perfectly adapted to the fuel, flow rate, burner

type, and control system used. They are individually tailored to your

requirements and assembled using standard components.

• Some SAACKE oil valve stations are mounted on the burner, while

others are available as separate units.

• SAACKE gas valve lines are available for almost any nominal diameter

and almost any gas pressure.

Intelligent SAACKE se@vis 4 management system

Industry overview

• Energy and heat supply

• Chemicals

• Refineries

• Food industry

• Waste recycling

• Steel and metal processing

• Building materials industry

• Wood processing

• Consumer goods

Benefits

• Control, regulation, and monitoring of combustion, boiler, and

thermal process systems.

• Simultaneous combustion of multiple fuels.

• Prioritization of fuels by the user.

• Control of units such as feed water pumps.

• 15 integrated and freely configurable controllers (e.g., PID, 3

components, etc.) for all plant functions such as: power, oxygen,

combustion chamber pressure, feed water, desalination, and steam

pressure control.

• Maximum safety combined with high speed and precision of the

actuators.

• Detailed initial fault message and operating message.

• All relevant information in one overview.

• Touchscreen in various sizes for simple and intuitive operation,

for worldwide use in several languages.

• Detailed process value history.

• Communication of all data with the control system is possible.

• Operating, efficiency, and fault analysis via online portal (optional).

• Small and compact, SAACKE se@vis 4 requires little space in the

control cabinet.

• All components can be quickly replaced without the need for a

service technician or specialist personnel.

• Certified and type-tested.

SAACKE se@vis 4 MORE THAN JUST A BURNER CONTROL SYSTEM

MORE THAN JUST A BURNER CONTROL SYSTEM.

Firing systems must be safe and reliable.

They should produce efficiently and flexibly, achieve maximum

efficiency, and require as little maintenance as possible.

As a user, you need to be able to act quickly. After all, maximum

plant availability is essential for your successful operation.

The intelligent SAACKE se@vis 4 management system is a true

all-rounder that has been further developed and offers numerous

additional functions. With one system, you have your plant under

control and available in an efficient and future-proof manner.

Controller

• 15. freely configurable

Input / Output

• Analog and digital process values

Number of network participants

• 12 rapid and highly precise servodrives

Operation

• Optionally via 5.7″ or 10.4″ touchscreen monitor

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